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Offsetting Racial Divides:
Zero-Tolerance School Suspensions & Restorative Justice Practices

AN EQUITY-BASED DISCIPLINE RESOURCE FOR PREK-12 SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS & POLICYMAKERS
TO IMPLEMENT RESTORATIVE PRACTICES IN SCHOOLS

References:

Anyon, Y. (2016). Taking restorative practices school-wide: Insights from three schools in Denver. Denver, CO: Denver School-Based Restorative Practices Partnership.

Augustine, C. H., Engberg, J., Grimm, G. E., Lee, E., Wang, E. L. & Christianson, K. (2018). Can restorative practices improve school climate and curb suspensions? An evaluation of the impact of restorative practices in a mid-sized urban school district. (Report No. RR-2840-DOJ). Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2840.html

Bottiani, H.J., Bradshawm P.C., & Gregory, A. (2018). Nudging the gap: Introduction to the special issue closing in on discipline disproportionality. School Psychology Review, (47) 2, 109–117. doi: 10.17105/SPR-2018-0023

Tatum, B. (n.d.).

Chen, G. (2008). Communities, students, schools, and school crime: A confirmatory study of crime in U.S. high schools. Urban Education, 43(3), 301–318. doi:10.1177/0042085907311791

DeMatthews, D. (2016). Effective leadership is not enough: Critical approaches to closing the racial discipline gap. The Clearing House, 89(1), 7-13. doi: 10.1080/00098655.2015.1121120

Felitti, V., Anda, R., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D., Spitz, A., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. doi: 10.1016/S0749-37979800017-8

Fronius, T., Darling-Hammond, S., Persson, H., Guckengurg, S., Hurley, N. & Petrosino, A. (2019). Restorative justice in U.S. schools: An updated research review. San Francisco: CA. WestEd Justice and Prevention Research Center. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED595733.pdf

Gregory, A, & Weinstein, S.R. (2008). The discipline gap and African Americans: Defiance or cooperation in the high school classroom. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 455-475. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2007.09.001

Gregory, A., & Fergus, E. (2017). Social and emotional learning and equity in school discipline. The Future of Children, 27(1), 117-136.

Howard, T. C. (2008). Who really cares? The disenfranchisement of African American males in PreK-12 schools: A critical race theory perspective. Teachers College Record, 110(5), 954-985.

Ladson-Billings, G. (1999). Preparing teachers for diverse student populations: A critical race theory perspective. Review of Research in Education, 24(1), 211-247. doi: 10.2307/1167271

Losen, D. J., & Martinez, P. (2020). Lost opportunities: How disparate school discipline continues to drive differences in the opportunity to learn. Learning Policy Institute; Center for Civil Rights Remedies at the Civil Rights Project, UCLA.

Mallett, C. (2016). The school-to-prison pipeline: A critical review of the punitive paradigm shift. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(1), 15-24. doi:10.1007/s10560-015-0397-1

Mitchell, S.D. (2014). Zero tolerance policies: Criminalizing childhood and disenfranchising the next generation of citizens. University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository, 92(2), 272-323.

National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC.  NASW Press. Retrieved from https://socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics.

Payne, A. A. & Welch, K. (2015). Restorative justice in schools: The influence of race on restorative discipline. Youth and Society, 47(4), 539-564. doi:10.1177/0044118X124

Simson, D. (2014). Exclusion, punishment, racism, and our schools: Critical race theory perspective on school discipline. UCLA Law Review, 61(2), 506-563.

Skiba, R., Horner, R., Chung, C., Rausch, M., May, S., & Tobin, T. (2011). Race is not neutral: A national investigation of African American and Latino disproportionality in school discipline. School Psychology Review, 40(1), 85-107.

Smith, C.L., Garnett, R.B., Herbet, A., Grudev, N., Voge, J., Keefner, ... Taylor, B. (2018). The hand of professional school counseling meets the glove of restorative practices: A call to the profession. Professional School Counseling 21(1), 1-10. Doi: 10.1177/2156759X18761899

Turney, K. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences among children of incarcerated parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 218–225. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.04.033

U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2018, March). Discipline Disparities for Black Students, Boys, and Students with Disabilities No Child Left Behind Act. (Publication No. GAO-18-258). Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-18-258 

Offsetting Racial Divides:

Zero-Tolerance School Suspensions & Restorative Justice Practices

References

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